Overview
Research into the health effects of PFAS has expanded significantly over the past two decades. Studies have linked PFAS exposure to various adverse health outcomes, though the full extent of health impacts is still being investigated.
Note: This page summarizes scientific research findings. For personal health concerns related to PFAS exposure, please consult a healthcare professional.
Immunotoxicity
One of the most consistent findings in PFAS research is the effect on the immune system:
- Reduced vaccine antibody response in children and adults
- Altered immune cell populations
- Increased susceptibility to infections
- Potential autoimmune effects
Key Finding
Studies show that children with higher PFAS blood levels may have reduced antibody responses to routine childhood vaccinations, potentially reducing vaccine effectiveness.
Endocrine Disruption
PFAS can interfere with hormone systems:
- Thyroid hormone disruption - particularly concerning during pregnancy and early development
- Effects on sex hormones and reproductive function
- Metabolic disruption linked to obesity and diabetes risk
Cancer Associations
Epidemiological studies have found associations between PFAS exposure and certain cancers:
- Kidney cancer - consistent association with PFOA exposure
- Testicular cancer - linked to occupational and community exposures
- Other cancers - ongoing research into breast, prostate, and other cancers
In 2023, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified PFOA as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1) and PFOS as "possibly carcinogenic" (Group 2B).
Developmental Effects
Prenatal and early-life exposure to PFAS may affect:
- Birth weight - association with lower birth weight
- Developmental milestones
- Bone health in children
- Neurodevelopmental outcomes
Liver Effects
PFAS exposure has been associated with liver damage indicators:
- Elevated liver enzymes (ALT, GGT)
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Altered lipid metabolism
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Effects
One of the most replicated findings is the association between PFAS exposure and:
- Elevated total cholesterol
- Increased LDL ("bad") cholesterol
- Potential cardiovascular disease risk
- Hypertension in some studies