Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. If you have concerns about PFAS exposure, consult a healthcare professional.
Overview
Research has linked PFAS exposure to various health effects. The strength of evidence varies by health outcome, with some effects well-established and others still being studied. Most research has focused on PFOA and PFOS, the most studied PFAS compounds.
Health Effects by Evidence Level
Elevated Cholesterol
One of the most consistent findings across studies is the association between PFAS exposure and increased total and LDL cholesterol levels. This effect has been observed in both occupational and community exposure studies.
Reduced Vaccine Response
Children and adults with higher PFAS levels show reduced antibody responses to vaccines. This immunotoxic effect has been replicated in multiple studies and is considered one of the most sensitive health endpoints for PFAS.
Kidney Cancer (PFOA)
PFOA exposure has been consistently associated with increased kidney cancer risk. In 2023, IARC classified PFOA as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1), with kidney cancer as the primary cancer type.
Thyroid Effects
PFAS may disrupt thyroid hormone levels, which is particularly concerning during pregnancy when thyroid hormones are critical for fetal brain development. Studies show associations with both hypothyroidism and thyroid disease.
Pregnancy Outcomes
Some studies have found associations between PFAS exposure and:
- Lower birth weight
- Preeclampsia
- Gestational diabetes
Liver Effects
PFAS exposure has been associated with elevated liver enzymes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, indicating potential liver damage.
Other Cancers
Research is ongoing into links between PFAS and breast cancer, prostate cancer, and other cancers. PFOS has been classified as "possibly carcinogenic" by IARC.
Who Is Most Vulnerable?
Certain populations may be more susceptible to PFAS health effects:
- Developing fetuses: Exposed through placental transfer
- Infants: Exposed through breast milk
- Children: Higher exposures relative to body weight
- Pregnant women: Effects on pregnancy outcomes
- Workers: Occupational exposures in manufacturing
- Communities: Near contamination sources
What Can You Do?
- Learn about potential PFAS sources in your environment
- Consider testing your drinking water if you're near contamination sources
- Use water filters certified for PFAS removal if needed
- Stay informed about PFAS in consumer products
- Consult a healthcare provider if you have specific concerns